Who’s Who of Yesteryear’s Ghosts

Dr. Runa Das Chaudhuri*

Aleya Bhoot: she-ghosts who die of burning, and flicker at night
Brahmadaitya: ghost of a dead male brahmin
Buni: she-ghosts living in cane bushes around the household or in tattered and dirty pieces of cloth
Dakini: companions of Mother Chandi, possess skills of tantras
Ekanore: the lame ghost who walks supported on a crutch
Gechopetni: lives in shaora trees and swing on them dangling their feet
Gobhoot: ghost of a cow who passes away prematurely
Jakh: the gnome who guards treasures
Jatadhari: lives in the pond and has jata or matted hair
Jujuburi: she-ghosts children are afraid of
Kandakata: the headless ghost
Kuni: she-ghosts living in dirty corners of the household especially in soot, spider webs; has a sister in buni
Mamdo bhoot: ghost of a Muslim
Mechopetni: she-ghosts who catch fish and smells of fish
Nishi: she-ghosts who call little children out at night
Pechobhoot: the ghost who wanders around infants
Shakchunni: the ghost of a married woman who dies sadhaba (i.e., whose husband is alive at the time of her demise)
Tal-Betal: Tal is tall while Betal is short; the latter ghost belongs to the lore of King Vikramaditya

This list, though not an exhaustive one, represents major kinds of indigenous, home-grown bhoots or ghosts in the Bengali ghost-world. These are those familiar, yet frightening creatures of darkness, wavering in the flickering shadows they invite. But then what does such mosaics of mobile shadows that coalesce, diffuse and melt shapes invite? Often the designs are furtive, quickly dispersing effects that immerse them in shapes from which they emanate. They create a dim world indistinct, yet luminously seductive. Situated in such twilight zones are the authors Rabindranath Tagore and Troilokyanath Mukhopadhyay.

As I went along this passage, my mind would be haunted by the idea that something was creeping upon me from behind. Little shivers ran up and down my back. In those days devils and spirits lurked in the recesses of men’s minds and the air was full of ghost stories. [1]

Scientists and specialists in ghost studies need to ponder over this phenomenon. Just as water freezes into ice, likewise darkness freezes into ghosts. So while there are machines to turn water to ice, why don’t sahibs invent one to manufacture ghosts out of darkness? There is, as it is, no paucity of darkness. Little bits of it are found outside at night. Then there those in men’s minds knowing no limits or ends. Only these needs to be ploughed, collected in baskets and dropped in machines, so that large numbers of ghosts be churned out.[2]

It is instructive to see that darkness which stands metaphorically for intuitive and irrational knowledge, superstitions or bigotries are seen settled and sedimented deep in the remotest parts of our mental apparatus. Troilokyanath’s caustic remark pointing to the ghost’s origin in darkness alludes to this, but perhaps more importantly problematises the link by tangentially identifying the locus of the concern in the human mind. Thus, the psyche is rendered to one domain, spaces of which are intrinsically occupied or pre-occupied by the never-ending monochromatic order of a blinding darkness. But, there was light. The feeble wicks of the lamps did burn by the site of knowledge or so we learn. ‘There was no gas then in the city and no electric light. When the kerosene lamp was introduced its brilliance amazed us. In the evening the house servant lit castor-oil lamps in every room. The one in our study room had two wicks in a glass bowl’.[3]

Couched in its incandescence is a sleepy little Rabindranath, his master en-lightening him with Peary Sarkar’s first book, reciting the virtues of his other pupil Satin (who would rub snuff in his eyes to keep himself awake) until the clock struck nine. His eyes dazed and mind drugged with sleep, the boy would finally be released. But the dimly burning lantern that swung from the ceiling of the narrow passage leading from the outer apartments to the interior of the house had a firm grip on him. The passage that Rabindranath passed everyday stands as a metaphor of a transition when ghosts were gradually shoved back to those quarters, to those unilluminated realms of women and children or to remoter regions where enlightened views had yet to penetrate. So, the ghosts, he tells us took refuge under the thick-leaved badam tree in the western corner of the house, the shankchunni, greedy of fish, hovered around the kitchen while certain ‘Things’ were said to inhabit the misty, dingy, dark rooms of the household stuffed with huge water jars. But even their days were numbered if we were to believe the words of this heavy-hearted old man. His eyes, now wide awake, grieved for the creatures he dared not to see when he was a little boy. The septuagenarian now realises ‘vividly the change that has taken place between those times and the present’[4] with the brahma-daitya having fled the badam tree unable, as he were, to endure the modern air of excessive learning or the roofs of modern houses deserted by men or ghosts alike.

It is indeed a pity that indigenous ghosts who comprised the stuff of grandma’s tales had vanished in a twang. The little magic done, the ghosts were displaced and re-placed by so-called reason. Yet the sense of the absence of those who were not physically there, yet very much there seem to haunt the places of our life. Places are personed by ghosts as it were. So their eviction constitutes a logical impossibility. Would it be ‘un-reasonable’ on our parts to experience that flood of images of people long gone, or people when they were younger, while revisiting an old ‘haunt’, as we say? Wouldn’t it be unfair not to have that very warm feeling of almost being able to see your friends from when you were seven jostling to grab a ball as you walk past the neighborhood park where you grew up? Who had after all not had that sense, while creeping into some room where one really should not have been, that someone unseen was watching? Or otherwise, a septuagenarian Rabindranath wouldn’t have cared to seek brahmadaityas in roofs of modern houses.

Subject to the dialectics of forgetting and remembering the memory of ghosts is indeed a subject of inquiry. In today’s world blinded by disenchantment, yesteryear’s ghost tales typically framed in an uncartesian order, of tales of ‘once upon a time’[5] can still functionally create an a-historic past through narration. It is a past which is remote and inaccessible and can yet be experienced in homely, familiar terms. It is ‘an-other’ past but not strange and therefore recognisable. In fact, the unworldly creatures seem to share a homologous world as structured, stratified and hierarchised as the Bengali social universe. A phantasmagoric exercise involving the antics of yesteryear’s ghosts in language and hermeneutics would still ask of us whether we have supposedly, ‘surmounted modes of thinking belonging to the prehistory of the individual’. In some ways then, ghosts of yesteryear persist as workable tropes for the reformulation of our everyday living. The ghostly encounter then is more than a mere case of retrospection; it also provides ways for a possible introspection into our very belongingness in the Bengali social cosmos.

Notes

[1] Rabindranath Tagore, My Boyhood Days, trans, Marjorie Sykes (Calcutta:Visva- Bharati, 1943): 5-6.
[2] Troilokyanath Mukhopadhyay, ‘Lullu’, Troilokyanath Rachanabali, Vol 1 (Kolkata: Sahityam, 2005): 215.
[3] Rabindranath Thakur, My Boyhood Days, trans. Marjorie Sykes (Calcutta: Visva- Bharati, 1943): 5.
[4] Ibid., 45.
[5] I would like to cite a few examples from stories of Lal Behari Dey’s Folk Tales of Bengal (London: Macmillan & Co., Limited, 1912), which can be said to be representative of hundreds and thousands of such openings.

‘Once upon a time there lived a poor Brahmin, who not being a Kulin found it the hardest thing in the world to get married’.
‘Once upon a time there lived a Brahmin who had married a wife, and who had lived in the same house with his mother’.
‘Once upon a time there lived a poor Brahmin who had a wife’.
‘Once upon a time there lived a barber who had a wife’.

The above quotes are from the stories titled ‘The Ghost Brahman’, ‘A Ghostly Wife’, ‘The Story of a Brahmadaitya’, ‘The Ghost Who Was Afraid of being Bagged’, respectively.

Dr. Runa Das Chaudhuri

*Dr. Runa Das Chaudhuri has a Ph.D. in Social Sciences from Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta. At present she teaches as an Assistant Professor in Sociology at B.H.K. Mahavidyalaya, West Bengal State University. Her work has been published in several journals including South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, Contemporary South Asia, Social Identities: Journal for the Study of Race, Nation and Culture, International Sociology Reviews, Society and Culture in South Asia, Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, The Oriental Anthropologist, Journal of the Asiatic Society, Hakara, Entanglements: Experiments in Multimodal Ethnography, and others. Her research interests include the sociology of urban consumption in India and the history of modern enchantments in early twentieth-century Bengal.